汽(qi)車(che)要跑得快,就必須要有強勁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)。目前汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)可粗分(fen)為自然(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)及增(zeng)壓(ya)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)兩大(da)類。在歐洲(zhou)跑車(che)中,除了(le)寶馬汽(qi)車(che)公司依然(ran)堅持(chi)使(shi)用自然(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)發動(dong)機外(wai),其他各汽(qi)車(che)公司為了(le)提(ti)升車(che)輛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)性(xing)能(neng),紛(fen)紛(fen)采用增(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong),例如:奔馳跑車(che)使(shi)用機械增(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong),紳寶汽(qi)車(che)則為渦(wo)(wo)輪增(zeng)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)山鼻祖。近年日系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)汽(qi)車(che)也開(kai)始大(da)量(liang)采用渦(wo)(wo)輪增(zeng)壓(ya)技術。自然(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)沒有安裝任(ren)何形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)壓(ya)器,只是利用活塞下行(xing)所(suo)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負壓(ya)來吸進(jin)混合氣(qi)(qi)。雖(sui)然(ran)自然(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)過可變氣(qi)(qi)門正時(shi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)能(neng)夠得到較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)馬力(li)輸出,但(dan)動(dong)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)升很有限。為了(le)有效增(zeng)加(jia)發動(dong)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出功率,采用增(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)可說是最有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式。
最常見的發動(dong)機增壓(ya)系統(tong)有機械(xie)增壓(ya)與廢氣(qi)渦輪增壓(ya)兩(liang)種。
機械增壓
發動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)以(yi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)方式(shi)驅動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器進行增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya),稱為機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。當發動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi),通常(chang)由(you)發動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)曲軸通過齒輪(lun)(lun)驅動增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器。增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器一般采(cai)(cai)用(yong)離(li)心式(shi)或羅茨(ci)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),個別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)螺桿式(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。近年來(lai),在(zai)(zai)國外也開始采(cai)(cai)用(yong)新型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)渦(wo)旋式(shi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器。因為驅動壓(ya)(ya)(ya)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)消(xiao)耗(hao)了發動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出功(gong)率(lv)(lv),所(suo)以(yi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)發動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)不(bu)一定得到改善,有時(shi)反(fan)而比非增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)內燃機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)還低些(xie)。選(xuan)擇增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)時(shi),首先要保證能達到所(suo)要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)均有效(xiao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li),其次要獲得盡可能低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燃油消(xiao)耗(hao)率(lv)(lv)。擔這兩個要求(qiu)對于(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)來(lai)說常(chang)常(chang)是(shi)相互矛盾(dun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。如果(guo)追(zhui)求(qiu)平(ping)均有效(xiao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li),則必然導(dao)致機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)降(jiang)低,燃油消(xiao)耗(hao)率(lv)(lv)升(sheng)高。因此(ci),增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)取應在(zai)(zai)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)和燃油消(xiao)耗(hao)率(lv)(lv)兩者之間尋求(qiu)最佳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)妥(tuo)協方案。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系統(tong)目前在(zai)(zai)歐洲車上用(yong)得較普遍。由(you)于(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)曲軸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)帶(dai)動下持(chi)續(xu)地(di)運轉,因此(ci)不(bu)動產生像渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)遲滯現象。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)雖然只能提升(sheng)約10%20%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動力(li)(li)輸出,但平(ping)順連續(xu)性是(shi)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)發動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)所(suo)不(bu)及的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。
廢氣渦(wo)輪(lun)增壓
利用(yong)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)能(neng)量驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi),稱為廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(簡稱渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)),如圖所示(shi)是廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系統。廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)特點是在(zai)(zai)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)和發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)之間(jian)(jian)沒有機(ji)(ji)(ji)械連接(jie)。它們之間(jian)(jian)靠氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)路相通。因為壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)消耗的(de)(de)(de)功是渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)從廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中回收的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)部分(fen)能(neng)量,所以渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)不僅可(ke)(ke)以增(zeng)加(jia)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)功率(lv),而且(qie)可(ke)(ke)以提(ti)(ti)高其熱(re)效率(lv),降(jiang)低(di)燃油(you)消耗率(lv)。如果在(zai)(zai)轎車尾部看(kan)到Turbo或者T的(de)(de)(de)標識,即(ji)表明(ming)該車采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)。渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)實(shi)際(ji)上是臺空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)縮機(ji)(ji)(ji),它是利用(yong)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)排出的(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)慣(guan)性推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun),渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)又(you)帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)同(tong)(tong)軸的(de)(de)(de)葉輪(lun)(lun)(lun)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)縮由空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清器(qi)管(guan)道送來的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),使空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)后進入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸。當發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉速提(ti)(ti)高,廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)排出速度與渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)轉速也同(tong)(tong)步提(ti)(ti)高,葉輪(lun)(lun)(lun)就壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)縮更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸,空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力和密(mi)度增(zeng)大可(ke)(ke)以燃燒(shao)更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)燃油(you),相應增(zeng)加(jia)油(you)量和調整一(yi)下(xia)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)轉速,就可(ke)(ke)以增(zeng)加(jia)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)輸出功率(lv)。