汽車(che)(che)(che)要跑(pao)得(de)快(kuai)，就必須(xu)要有(you)強勁的(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)。目前汽車(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)可粗分為(wei)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)及(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)兩大(da)類。在(zai)歐洲跑(pao)車(che)(che)(che)中，除了寶馬(ma)汽車(che)(che)(che)公司(si)依然(ran)(ran)堅持(chi)使用(yong)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)發(fa)動(dong)機外，其(qi)他各汽車(che)(che)(che)公司(si)為(wei)了提(ti)升車(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)的(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)，紛紛采用(yong)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，例如：奔馳跑(pao)車(che)(che)(che)使用(yong)機械增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，紳(shen)寶汽車(che)(che)(che)則為(wei)渦輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)的(de)(de)開(kai)山鼻祖。近年日系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)汽車(che)(che)(che)也開(kai)始大(da)量(liang)采用(yong)渦輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)技術。自(zi)然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)沒有(you)安(an)裝任何形式(shi)的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)器，只(zhi)是(shi)利用(yong)活塞下行所產生的(de)(de)負壓(ya)來吸進(jin)混合氣(qi)(qi)。雖然(ran)(ran)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)通過可變(bian)氣(qi)(qi)門正(zheng)時(shi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)能(neng)(neng)夠得(de)到較大(da)的(de)(de)馬(ma)力(li)輸出，但(dan)動(dong)力(li)的(de)(de)提(ti)升很(hen)有(you)限。為(wei)了有(you)效增(zeng)(zeng)加發(fa)動(dong)機的(de)(de)輸出功率，采用(yong)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)可說是(shi)最有(you)效的(de)(de)方式(shi)。

最常見的發動(dong)機增(zeng)(zeng)壓系統有機械增(zeng)(zeng)壓與(yu)廢(fei)氣渦輪增(zeng)(zeng)壓兩種(zhong)。

機(ji)械增(zeng)壓(ya)

發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)方式(shi)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器進行增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，稱為(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。當發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi)(shi)，通(tong)常(chang)由發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)曲(qu)軸通(tong)過齒輪(lun)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器。增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器一般采用(yong)離心式(shi)或(huo)羅(luo)茨壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，個(ge)別(bie)的(de)采用(yong)螺(luo)桿式(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。近年來，在國外也開(kai)始采用(yong)新(xin)型的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)渦(wo)旋式(shi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器。因為(wei)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)消耗(hao)了發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一定的(de)輸(shu)出(chu)功率(lv)(lv)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)熱效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)不一定得(de)(de)到(dao)改善，有(you)時(shi)(shi)反而比非增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)內燃(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)還低(di)(di)些(xie)。選(xuan)(xuan)擇增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力時(shi)(shi)，首先要保證(zheng)能(neng)達(da)到(dao)所(suo)(suo)要求(qiu)的(de)平(ping)(ping)均有(you)效(xiao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力，其次要獲(huo)得(de)(de)盡(jin)可能(neng)低(di)(di)的(de)燃(ran)油消耗(hao)率(lv)(lv)。擔這兩(liang)個(ge)要求(qiu)對于(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)來說常(chang)常(chang)是相(xiang)互矛(mao)盾的(de)。如果追求(qiu)平(ping)(ping)均有(you)效(xiao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力，則必然導致機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)降低(di)(di)，燃(ran)油消耗(hao)率(lv)(lv)升高。因此，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力值的(de)選(xuan)(xuan)取應在功率(lv)(lv)和燃(ran)油消耗(hao)率(lv)(lv)兩(liang)者(zhe)之(zhi)間尋求(qiu)最(zui)佳的(de)妥協方案。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系(xi)統目前在歐洲車(che)上用(yong)得(de)(de)較普遍。由于(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是在曲(qu)軸的(de)帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)下持續地運(yun)轉，因此不動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)產生像渦(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)渦(wo)輪(lun)遲滯現象。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)雖然只能(neng)提升約10%20%的(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力輸(shu)出(chu)，但平(ping)(ping)順連續性是渦(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)所(suo)(suo)不及(ji)的(de)。

廢氣渦輪(lun)增壓(ya)

利(li)用(yong)(yong)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)能(neng)量驅動(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)器(qi)，稱為廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)（簡(jian)稱渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)），如圖所示是廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)系統。廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)的(de)(de)特點(dian)是在(zai)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)器(qi)和發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)之間沒有機(ji)(ji)(ji)械連接。它們之間靠氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)路相通。因為壓(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)消耗的(de)(de)功是渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)從廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中回收的(de)(de)一部分能(neng)量，所以渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)不僅可以增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)功率(lv)(lv)，而且可以提(ti)(ti)高其熱效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)，降低燃油(you)消耗率(lv)(lv)。如果在(zai)轎車尾部看到Turbo或者T的(de)(de)標識，即表明該(gai)車采用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)的(de)(de)。渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)器(qi)實際上是臺空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)縮機(ji)(ji)(ji)，它是利(li)用(yong)(yong)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)排出(chu)的(de)(de)廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)慣性推動(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)，渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)又帶動(dong)(dong)同軸的(de)(de)葉輪(lun)壓(ya)縮由(you)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清器(qi)管道送來的(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，使空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)后進入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸。當(dang)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉速提(ti)(ti)高，廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)排出(chu)速度與渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)轉速也同步(bu)提(ti)(ti)高，葉輪(lun)就壓(ya)縮更多的(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸，空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)壓(ya)力和密度增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)大(da)可以燃燒更多的(de)(de)燃油(you)，相應增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)油(you)量和調整一下發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉速，就可以增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)輸出(chu)功率(lv)(lv)。