汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)要跑(pao)得快，就必須(xu)要有(you)(you)(you)強勁的(de)動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)。目前汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)可(ke)粗分為自然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)及增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)兩大類(lei)。在歐洲跑(pao)車(che)(che)(che)(che)中，除了(le)寶(bao)馬(ma)汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)公司依然(ran)(ran)堅持(chi)使用(yong)(yong)自然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)發動(dong)機外，其他各汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)公司為了(le)提(ti)升車(che)(che)(che)(che)輛的(de)動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)性能(neng)，紛紛采用(yong)(yong)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，例如：奔馳跑(pao)車(che)(che)(che)(che)使用(yong)(yong)機械增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，紳寶(bao)汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)則(ze)為渦輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)開山鼻祖。近年日(ri)系(xi)(xi)(xi)汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)也(ye)開始大量采用(yong)(yong)渦輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)技(ji)術。自然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)沒有(you)(you)(you)安(an)裝任何形式(shi)的(de)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器，只是利用(yong)(yong)活塞下行所產生(sheng)的(de)負壓(ya)(ya)來吸進(jin)混合氣(qi)(qi)。雖然(ran)(ran)自然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)通過可(ke)變(bian)氣(qi)(qi)門正時系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)能(neng)夠得到較(jiao)大的(de)馬(ma)力(li)(li)(li)輸出，但動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)提(ti)升很(hen)有(you)(you)(you)限。為了(le)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)增(zeng)(zeng)加發動(dong)機的(de)輸出功率，采用(yong)(yong)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)可(ke)說是最有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)方式(shi)。

最常見的發動機(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)壓系(xi)統有(you)機(ji)械增(zeng)(zeng)壓與廢氣渦輪增(zeng)(zeng)壓兩種。

機(ji)械增壓

發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)以機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)進行增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)，稱為(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)。當發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)時，通(tong)常(chang)由發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)曲軸通(tong)過齒輪(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)。增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)一般采(cai)用(yong)(yong)離心式(shi)(shi)(shi)或羅茨壓(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，個別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)螺桿(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)壓(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。近年來，在(zai)國外也開始采(cai)用(yong)(yong)新(xin)型的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)渦(wo)旋式(shi)(shi)(shi)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)。因(yin)為(wei)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)壓(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)消耗了發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一定的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出功(gong)率(lv)(lv)，所(suo)以機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)不一定得(de)到(dao)改(gai)善，有時反而比非增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)內燃機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)還低(di)些(xie)。選(xuan)擇增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)力時，首先要(yao)保證能達到(dao)所(suo)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)平均(jun)有效(xiao)壓(ya)(ya)力，其次要(yao)獲得(de)盡可(ke)能低(di)的(de)(de)(de)燃油消耗率(lv)(lv)。擔(dan)這(zhe)兩個要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)對于機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)來說(shuo)常(chang)常(chang)是相互(hu)矛盾的(de)(de)(de)。如果追求(qiu)(qiu)平均(jun)有效(xiao)壓(ya)(ya)力，則必然(ran)導致機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)降低(di)，燃油消耗率(lv)(lv)升(sheng)高。因(yin)此(ci)，增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)力值的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)取應在(zai)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)和(he)燃油消耗率(lv)(lv)兩者(zhe)之間尋求(qiu)(qiu)最佳(jia)的(de)(de)(de)妥(tuo)協(xie)方案。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)系統目(mu)前在(zai)歐(ou)洲車(che)上用(yong)(yong)得(de)較普遍。由于機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是在(zai)曲軸的(de)(de)(de)帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)下持續地(di)運(yun)轉，因(yin)此(ci)不動(dong)(dong)(dong)產生像渦(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)渦(wo)輪(lun)遲滯現(xian)象。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)雖然(ran)只能提升(sheng)約10%20%的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力輸(shu)出，但平順連續性是渦(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)所(suo)不及的(de)(de)(de)。

廢氣渦輪增壓

利用(yong)(yong)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)能量驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)，稱為廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)（簡稱渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)），如圖(tu)所(suo)示是(shi)廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系統(tong)。廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)是(shi)在渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)和發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)間沒有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械連接。它們之(zhi)間靠氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)路相通(tong)。因為壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)消耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功是(shi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)從廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中回收的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一部分能量，所(suo)以(yi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不僅可以(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功率，而且可以(yi)提高(gao)(gao)其熱效率，降低(di)燃(ran)油消耗率。如果在轎(jiao)車尾部看到(dao)Turbo或者T的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標識，即表明該車采用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)實際上是(shi)臺空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)縮機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，它是(shi)利用(yong)(yong)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)排出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)慣性推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)，渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)又(you)帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)同軸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)縮由空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清器(qi)(qi)管道送來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，使空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)后進入(ru)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸。當發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)速(su)提高(gao)(gao)，廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)排出速(su)度與渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)轉(zhuan)速(su)也同步提高(gao)(gao)，葉(xie)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)就壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)縮更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進入(ru)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸，空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力和密(mi)度增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)大(da)可以(yi)燃(ran)燒更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)油，相應增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加油量和調(diao)整一下發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)，就可以(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出功率。