汽(qi)車(che)(che)要(yao)跑得(de)快(kuai),就必須(xu)要(yao)有(you)強(qiang)勁的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)。目前汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)可粗(cu)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)然(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)及增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)進(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)兩大(da)類。在歐洲跑車(che)(che)中,除了寶(bao)馬汽(qi)車(che)(che)公司依然(ran)堅(jian)持使用(yong)自(zi)然(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)發動(dong)機(ji)外,其他各汽(qi)車(che)(che)公司為(wei)(wei)(wei)了提升車(che)(che)輛的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)性能(neng),紛紛采用(yong)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong),例如:奔馳跑車(che)(che)使用(yong)機(ji)械增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong),紳寶(bao)汽(qi)車(che)(che)則為(wei)(wei)(wei)渦(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)山(shan)鼻祖。近年日系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)汽(qi)車(che)(che)也開(kai)始(shi)大(da)量采用(yong)渦(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)技(ji)術。自(zi)然(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)沒有(you)安(an)裝任何形(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器,只是(shi)利用(yong)活塞(sai)下行所產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)負壓(ya)(ya)來吸(xi)進(jin)混合氣(qi)。雖然(ran)自(zi)然(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)通過(guo)可變氣(qi)門正時系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)能(neng)夠得(de)到較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)馬力(li)輸(shu)出,但動(dong)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)提升很有(you)限。為(wei)(wei)(wei)了有(you)效(xiao)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)發動(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出功率,采用(yong)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)可說是(shi)最有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)。
最(zui)常見的發動機增壓(ya)系統有機械增壓(ya)與廢氣渦輪(lun)增壓(ya)兩種。
機械增壓
發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)以機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)方(fang)式驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器進行增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),稱為(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。當發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時,通常由發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)曲(qu)軸(zhou)通過齒輪(lun)(lun)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器。增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器一(yi)般采(cai)用離心(xin)式或羅茨(ci)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji),個別的(de)(de)(de)采(cai)用螺桿式壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。近(jin)年(nian)來(lai),在(zai)(zai)(zai)國外也開始采(cai)用新型的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)渦(wo)旋式增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器。因(yin)為(wei)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)消耗了發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)輸出功率(lv),所(suo)(suo)以機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)效率(lv)不一(yi)定得到改善,有(you)(you)時反而比非(fei)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)內燃(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)還低(di)些。選(xuan)擇增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力時,首先要(yao)(yao)保證能(neng)(neng)達到所(suo)(suo)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)均(jun)有(you)(you)效壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力,其次要(yao)(yao)獲得盡(jin)可能(neng)(neng)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)油消耗率(lv)。擔這兩個要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)對于(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)來(lai)說(shuo)常常是(shi)相(xiang)互矛盾的(de)(de)(de)。如果追求(qiu)平(ping)均(jun)有(you)(you)效壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力,則必(bi)然(ran)導致機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)效率(lv)降(jiang)低(di),燃(ran)油消耗率(lv)升高。因(yin)此,增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力值的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)取應在(zai)(zai)(zai)功率(lv)和燃(ran)油消耗率(lv)兩者之間尋求(qiu)最佳的(de)(de)(de)妥協方(fang)案(an)。機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系統目前在(zai)(zai)(zai)歐(ou)洲車上(shang)用得較普(pu)遍。由于(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)曲(qu)軸(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)下持續地運轉,因(yin)此不動(dong)(dong)(dong)產生像渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)遲滯現象。機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)雖(sui)然(ran)只能(neng)(neng)提升約(yue)10%20%的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力輸出,但平(ping)順連續性是(shi)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)所(suo)(suo)不及的(de)(de)(de)。
廢氣渦(wo)輪增壓
利用(yong)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)能(neng)量驅動(dong)(dong)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)器,稱為廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(簡稱渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)),如圖所示(shi)是(shi)廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)統。廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點是(shi)在渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)器和發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)之間(jian)沒有機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)連接。它們(men)之間(jian)靠氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)路相通。因為壓(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)消(xiao)(xiao)耗的(de)(de)(de)功是(shi)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)從廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中回收的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)部分能(neng)量,所以(yi)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)不僅可以(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)功率,而(er)且可以(yi)提高其熱效率,降(jiang)低燃油(you)消(xiao)(xiao)耗率。如果在轎車(che)(che)尾部看到Turbo或者(zhe)T的(de)(de)(de)標識,即表明該車(che)(che)采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)。渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)器實際上是(shi)臺(tai)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)縮機(ji)(ji)(ji),它是(shi)利用(yong)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)排出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)慣(guan)性(xing)推動(dong)(dong)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun),渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)又帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)同(tong)軸的(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)(xie)輪(lun)(lun)壓(ya)縮由空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清(qing)器管(guan)道(dao)送來的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),使空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)后進(jin)入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸。當發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉速提高,廢(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)排出(chu)速度(du)與渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)轉速也同(tong)步提高,葉(xie)(xie)輪(lun)(lun)就(jiu)壓(ya)縮更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸,空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力(li)和密度(du)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)大可以(yi)燃燒更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)燃油(you),相應增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)油(you)量和調整一(yi)下(xia)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)轉速,就(jiu)可以(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)功率。