汽(qi)車(che)要(yao)跑(pao)得快(kuai),就必須要(yao)有(you)強勁的(de)動(dong)力(li)(li)。目前汽(qi)車(che)的(de)動(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可粗分為(wei)(wei)自然進(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)及(ji)增壓(ya)進(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)兩(liang)大類。在(zai)歐洲跑(pao)車(che)中,除(chu)了(le)(le)寶馬汽(qi)車(che)公司(si)(si)依然堅持使(shi)用(yong)自然進(jin)氣(qi)發動(dong)機外,其(qi)他各汽(qi)車(che)公司(si)(si)為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)提升車(che)輛(liang)的(de)動(dong)力(li)(li)性(xing)能,紛(fen)紛(fen)采用(yong)增壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),例如:奔馳跑(pao)車(che)使(shi)用(yong)機械增壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),紳寶汽(qi)車(che)則(ze)為(wei)(wei)渦(wo)輪增壓(ya)的(de)開山(shan)鼻祖。近年日系(xi)(xi)(xi)汽(qi)車(che)也開始大量采用(yong)渦(wo)輪增壓(ya)技術。自然進(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)沒有(you)安裝(zhuang)任何形(xing)式的(de)增壓(ya)器,只是(shi)利用(yong)活塞下行所產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)負壓(ya)來(lai)吸(xi)進(jin)混合氣(qi)。雖(sui)然自然進(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)過(guo)可變(bian)氣(qi)門正時系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)能夠得到較大的(de)馬力(li)(li)輸出,但動(dong)力(li)(li)的(de)提升很有(you)限。為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)有(you)效(xiao)增加發動(dong)機的(de)輸出功(gong)率,采用(yong)增壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可說是(shi)最有(you)效(xiao)的(de)方式。
最(zui)常(chang)見的發動機(ji)增(zeng)壓系統有機(ji)械增(zeng)壓與廢氣渦輪增(zeng)壓兩種。
機械增壓
發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)以機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)方式(shi)(shi)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器進行增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),稱(cheng)為(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。當發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi)(shi),通常由發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)曲(qu)軸(zhou)通過(guo)齒輪驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器。增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器一(yi)般采用(yong)(yong)(yong)離心(xin)式(shi)(shi)或羅茨壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),個別的(de)(de)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)螺桿(gan)式(shi)(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。近(jin)年(nian)來,在(zai)國外也開始(shi)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)新型的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)渦旋式(shi)(shi)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器。因為(wei)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)消耗了發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)定的(de)(de)輸出功率(lv)(lv),所(suo)以機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)熱效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)不一(yi)定得(de)到(dao)改(gai)善(shan),有時(shi)(shi)反(fan)而(er)比非(fei)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)內燃機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)還低些。選擇增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)時(shi)(shi),首先(xian)要保證能達(da)到(dao)所(suo)要求(qiu)的(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)均有效(xiao)(xiao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li),其(qi)次要獲得(de)盡可(ke)能低的(de)(de)燃油消耗率(lv)(lv)。擔這(zhe)兩個要求(qiu)對于機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)來說(shuo)常常是相互矛盾的(de)(de)。如果追求(qiu)平(ping)(ping)均有效(xiao)(xiao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li),則必然(ran)導致機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)降(jiang)低,燃油消耗率(lv)(lv)升(sheng)(sheng)高。因此,增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)值的(de)(de)選取應在(zai)功率(lv)(lv)和燃油消耗率(lv)(lv)兩者之間尋求(qiu)最(zui)佳的(de)(de)妥協方案。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系統(tong)目前在(zai)歐洲(zhou)車上用(yong)(yong)(yong)得(de)較普遍。由于機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是在(zai)曲(qu)軸(zhou)的(de)(de)帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)(dong)下持(chi)續(xu)(xu)地運轉,因此不動(dong)(dong)(dong)產(chan)生像(xiang)渦輪增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)渦輪遲滯現象。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)雖然(ran)只(zhi)能提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)約(yue)10%20%的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)輸出,但平(ping)(ping)順連續(xu)(xu)性(xing)是渦輪增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)所(suo)不及的(de)(de)。
廢氣渦(wo)輪增壓
利用發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)能量驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓器(qi),稱為廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(簡稱渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓),如圖所(suo)示是廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓系統。廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓的(de)(de)特點是在渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓器(qi)和(he)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)沒有機(ji)械(xie)連接。它們之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)靠氣(qi)(qi)(qi)路相(xiang)(xiang)通。因為壓氣(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)消耗的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)是渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)從(cong)廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)中回收(shou)的(de)(de)一部分能量,所(suo)以(yi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)不僅可(ke)以(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)率,而且可(ke)以(yi)提高(gao)其熱效率,降低燃(ran)油(you)消耗率。如果在轎(jiao)車尾(wei)部看(kan)到Turbo或(huo)者T的(de)(de)標識(shi),即表明(ming)該車采用的(de)(de)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)是渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓的(de)(de)。渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓器(qi)實際上是臺空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)壓縮(suo)(suo)機(ji),它是利用發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)排出的(de)(de)廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)慣性推動(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun),渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)又帶動(dong)(dong)同軸的(de)(de)葉輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)壓縮(suo)(suo)由空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清器(qi)管道(dao)送來的(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),使空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓后進入(ru)(ru)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)。當(dang)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)轉速(su)提高(gao),廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)排出速(su)度與渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)轉速(su)也同步(bu)提高(gao),葉輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)就(jiu)壓縮(suo)(suo)更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)進入(ru)(ru)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang),空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)壓力和(he)密度增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)大可(ke)以(yi)燃(ran)燒(shao)更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)燃(ran)油(you),相(xiang)(xiang)應增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)油(you)量和(he)調整一下發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)轉速(su),就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)輸出功(gong)(gong)率。