汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)要跑得快，就必須(xu)要有(you)(you)強勁(jing)的(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)。目前汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)可粗分為(wei)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)及(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)兩大類。在(zai)歐洲跑車(che)(che)中，除了(le)寶馬汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)公(gong)(gong)司依然(ran)(ran)堅持使用(yong)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)發動(dong)(dong)機外，其他(ta)各汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)公(gong)(gong)司為(wei)了(le)提(ti)升(sheng)車(che)(che)輛的(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)性能(neng)，紛(fen)紛(fen)采用(yong)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，例如(ru)：奔馳跑車(che)(che)使用(yong)機械(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，紳寶汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)則為(wei)渦(wo)輪增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)的(de)開(kai)山鼻祖。近(jin)年日系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)也開(kai)始(shi)大量采用(yong)渦(wo)輪增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)技術。自(zi)然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)沒有(you)(you)安裝任何形式的(de)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)器，只是利(li)用(yong)活(huo)塞下行所產生的(de)負壓(ya)來吸進(jin)混(hun)合氣(qi)(qi)。雖然(ran)(ran)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)通(tong)過可變氣(qi)(qi)門正時系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)能(neng)夠(gou)得到較大的(de)馬力(li)(li)輸出，但動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)的(de)提(ti)升(sheng)很(hen)有(you)(you)限。為(wei)了(le)有(you)(you)效增(zeng)(zeng)加發動(dong)(dong)機的(de)輸出功(gong)率，采用(yong)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)可說是最有(you)(you)效的(de)方式。

最常見的(de)發動機(ji)增壓(ya)(ya)系統有機(ji)械增壓(ya)(ya)與廢氣渦輪增壓(ya)(ya)兩種(zhong)。

機(ji)械增壓

發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)以(yi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)方(fang)式驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)進行增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，稱為機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。當發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi)，通(tong)常由(you)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)曲(qu)軸(zhou)通(tong)過齒輪(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)。增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)一般采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)離心式或羅(luo)茨壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，個別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)螺桿式壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。近年來(lai)，在國(guo)外也開始(shi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)新型的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)渦(wo)旋式增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)。因為驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)消耗(hao)了(le)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)輸出功率(lv)，所以(yi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)熱效率(lv)不(bu)(bu)(bu)一定(ding)(ding)得(de)到(dao)改(gai)善(shan)，有(you)時(shi)反而(er)比非增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)內燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)還低(di)些。選擇增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)時(shi)，首先(xian)要保(bao)證能達(da)到(dao)所要求的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)均有(you)效壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)，其次要獲(huo)得(de)盡可能低(di)的(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)油消耗(hao)率(lv)。擔這兩個要求對于機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)來(lai)說常常是(shi)相(xiang)互矛盾的(de)(de)(de)。如果追求平(ping)(ping)均有(you)效壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)，則必然導致機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)效率(lv)降低(di)，燃(ran)(ran)油消耗(hao)率(lv)升(sheng)(sheng)高。因此，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)值的(de)(de)(de)選取(qu)應(ying)在功率(lv)和燃(ran)(ran)油消耗(hao)率(lv)兩者之間(jian)尋求最佳的(de)(de)(de)妥協方(fang)案(an)。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系統目前在歐洲(zhou)車上用(yong)(yong)(yong)得(de)較普遍(bian)。由(you)于機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)在曲(qu)軸(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)下(xia)持續地運轉(zhuan)，因此不(bu)(bu)(bu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)產生像渦(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)渦(wo)輪(lun)遲滯現象。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)雖然只能提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)約(yue)10%20%的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)輸出，但平(ping)(ping)順連續性是(shi)渦(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)所不(bu)(bu)(bu)及的(de)(de)(de)。

廢氣渦輪(lun)增壓

利用(yong)(yong)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)能量驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)，稱為廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)（簡稱渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)），如(ru)圖所(suo)示是(shi)(shi)廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系統。廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)特點是(shi)(shi)在(zai)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)和(he)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)間沒有機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械連接。它們之(zhi)間靠氣(qi)(qi)(qi)路相通。因(yin)為壓(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)消耗(hao)的(de)(de)功是(shi)(shi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)從(cong)廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)中回(hui)收的(de)(de)一部分能量，所(suo)以(yi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不僅可以(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)功率，而且(qie)可以(yi)提高其(qi)熱效率，降低燃油(you)消耗(hao)率。如(ru)果(guo)在(zai)轎(jiao)車(che)尾部看到Turbo或者T的(de)(de)標識(shi)，即(ji)表(biao)明該(gai)車(che)采用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)。渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)實際上是(shi)(shi)臺空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，它是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)(yong)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)排出(chu)的(de)(de)廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)慣性推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)，渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)又帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)同軸的(de)(de)葉(xie)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)由空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清器(qi)管道送來的(de)(de)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，使空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)后進(jin)入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸。當發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)轉速(su)提高，廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)排出(chu)速(su)度與渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)轉速(su)也同步提高，葉(xie)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)就(jiu)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸，空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力和(he)密度增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)大可以(yi)燃燒更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)燃油(you)，相應增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)油(you)量和(he)調(diao)整一下發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉速(su)，就(jiu)可以(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)輸出(chu)功率。