汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)要跑得快,就必須要有(you)強勁(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)(li)。目前汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統可粗分為(wei)自然(ran)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)統及增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)統兩(liang)大(da)類。在(zai)歐洲跑車(che)(che)(che)(che)中,除(chu)了寶(bao)馬汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)公(gong)司依然(ran)堅持使用(yong)(yong)自然(ran)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)發動(dong)機(ji)外,其(qi)他各(ge)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)公(gong)司為(wei)了提升(sheng)車(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)(li)性(xing)能,紛紛采用(yong)(yong)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)統,例如:奔馳跑車(che)(che)(che)(che)使用(yong)(yong)機(ji)械(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)統,紳寶(bao)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)則為(wei)渦(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)山鼻祖。近(jin)年日系(xi)(xi)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)也(ye)開(kai)始大(da)量采用(yong)(yong)渦(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)技(ji)術。自然(ran)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)統沒有(you)安裝任(ren)何形式的(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)器,只是(shi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)活塞下(xia)行(xing)所產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負壓(ya)來吸進(jin)(jin)混(hun)合(he)氣(qi)。雖然(ran)自然(ran)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)統通過可變氣(qi)門正(zheng)時系(xi)(xi)統能夠(gou)得到較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)馬力(li)(li)輸出,但動(dong)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)提升(sheng)很有(you)限。為(wei)了有(you)效增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)發動(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出功率,采用(yong)(yong)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)統可說(shuo)是(shi)最有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式。
最(zui)常見(jian)的(de)發動機增壓系統(tong)有機械增壓與廢氣渦輪(lun)增壓兩種。
機(ji)械增壓
發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)以機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)方式(shi)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)進(jin)行增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),稱為機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。當發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi)(shi)(shi),通(tong)常由發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)曲軸通(tong)過齒輪(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)。增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)一(yi)般采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)離(li)心式(shi)或羅茨壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),個別的(de)(de)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)螺桿式(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。近年(nian)來,在(zai)(zai)國外也開始采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)新型的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)渦(wo)旋式(shi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)。因為驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)耗了(le)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)輸出功(gong)率(lv),所(suo)(suo)以機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)熱效率(lv)不一(yi)定(ding)得(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)改(gai)善,有時(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)而比非增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)內燃機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)還低(di)些(xie)。選擇增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力時(shi)(shi)(shi),首先要(yao)(yao)保證能達到(dao)(dao)所(suo)(suo)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)平均(jun)有效壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力,其次要(yao)(yao)獲(huo)得(de)(de)盡可能低(di)的(de)(de)燃油(you)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)耗率(lv)。擔這兩個要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)對于(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)來說常常是相互矛盾的(de)(de)。如果追求(qiu)平均(jun)有效壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力,則必然導致機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)效率(lv)降低(di),燃油(you)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)耗率(lv)升(sheng)高。因此(ci),增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力值的(de)(de)選取應(ying)在(zai)(zai)功(gong)率(lv)和燃油(you)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)耗率(lv)兩者之間尋(xun)求(qiu)最佳的(de)(de)妥協(xie)方案。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系統目(mu)前在(zai)(zai)歐洲(zhou)車上用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)得(de)(de)較普遍。由于(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是在(zai)(zai)曲軸的(de)(de)帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)下持續地(di)運轉,因此(ci)不動(dong)(dong)(dong)產生像渦(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)渦(wo)輪(lun)遲滯現象。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)雖然只能提(ti)升(sheng)約10%20%的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力輸出,但平順連續性是渦(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)所(suo)(suo)不及的(de)(de)。
廢氣渦輪增壓
利用發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)廢氣(qi)能量(liang)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi),稱為廢氣(qi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(簡稱渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)),如圖所(suo)示是(shi)廢氣(qi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)系統。廢氣(qi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)是(shi)在(zai)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)和(he)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)之間沒有機(ji)(ji)械連接。它們之間靠氣(qi)路相(xiang)通。因為壓(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)消耗的(de)(de)(de)功是(shi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)從廢氣(qi)中(zhong)回收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)一部(bu)分(fen)能量(liang),所(suo)以渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)不(bu)僅可(ke)以增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)功率,而且(qie)可(ke)以提高(gao)其熱效(xiao)率,降(jiang)低燃油消耗率。如果在(zai)轎車尾部(bu)看到Turbo或者T的(de)(de)(de)標識,即(ji)表明該車采用的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)。渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)實際上(shang)是(shi)臺空(kong)氣(qi)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)機(ji)(ji),它是(shi)利用發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)排(pai)出的(de)(de)(de)廢氣(qi)慣性推動(dong)(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun),渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)又帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)同軸的(de)(de)(de)葉輪(lun)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)由空(kong)氣(qi)濾清器(qi)(qi)管(guan)道(dao)送來的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi),使空(kong)氣(qi)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)后進入氣(qi)缸。當發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)轉速提高(gao),廢氣(qi)排(pai)出速度與渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)轉速也同步提高(gao),葉輪(lun)就(jiu)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)更多的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)進入氣(qi)缸,空(kong)氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)力和(he)密度增(zeng)(zeng)大可(ke)以燃燒更多的(de)(de)(de)燃油,相(xiang)應增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)油量(liang)和(he)調整一下(xia)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)轉速,就(jiu)可(ke)以增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)輸出功率。