汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)要(yao)跑得快，就必須要(yao)有強勁的(de)(de)動力(li)。目前(qian)汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)動力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)可(ke)粗分為(wei)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)及增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)兩大(da)類。在(zai)歐洲跑車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)中，除了(le)寶馬(ma)汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)公(gong)司依(yi)然(ran)(ran)堅(jian)持使用(yong)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)(ji)外，其他各汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)公(gong)司為(wei)了(le)提升車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)輛的(de)(de)動力(li)性能(neng)，紛紛采用(yong)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，例如：奔馳(chi)跑車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)使用(yong)機(ji)(ji)械增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，紳寶汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)則為(wei)渦輪增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓的(de)(de)開山鼻祖(zu)。近年日(ri)系(xi)(xi)(xi)汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)也開始大(da)量采用(yong)渦輪增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓技術。自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)沒有安裝任何形(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓器，只是利(li)用(yong)活(huo)塞下行所產(chan)生的(de)(de)負壓來吸進(jin)混合氣(qi)(qi)。雖然(ran)(ran)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)通過可(ke)變氣(qi)(qi)門正時系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)能(neng)夠得到較大(da)的(de)(de)馬(ma)力(li)輸出，但動力(li)的(de)(de)提升很(hen)有限(xian)。為(wei)了(le)有效(xiao)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)輸出功率，采用(yong)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)可(ke)說是最(zui)有效(xiao)的(de)(de)方式(shi)。

最常見的發動機增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)系統(tong)有機械增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)與廢氣渦輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)兩種。

機械增壓

發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)以機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)方(fang)式驅動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器進行增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，稱為機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。當發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi)，通(tong)常(chang)由(you)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)曲軸通(tong)過齒輪(lun)驅動(dong)(dong)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器。增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器一般采用(yong)(yong)離心式或(huo)羅茨(ci)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，個別(bie)的采用(yong)(yong)螺(luo)桿式壓(ya)(ya)(ya)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。近年來，在(zai)國(guo)外也開始采用(yong)(yong)新型的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)渦(wo)旋式增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器。因為驅動(dong)(dong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)消(xiao)耗了發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一定(ding)(ding)的輸出功率(lv)(lv)，所(suo)(suo)以機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的熱效率(lv)(lv)不一定(ding)(ding)得(de)到(dao)改(gai)善，有(you)時(shi)反而比非增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)內燃機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)還低(di)些。選(xuan)擇增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力時(shi)，首先要(yao)保證能達到(dao)所(suo)(suo)要(yao)求(qiu)的平(ping)均(jun)有(you)效壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力，其(qi)次要(yao)獲得(de)盡可能低(di)的燃油消(xiao)耗率(lv)(lv)。擔(dan)這兩個要(yao)求(qiu)對于機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)來說常(chang)常(chang)是(shi)相互(hu)矛盾的。如果(guo)追求(qiu)平(ping)均(jun)有(you)效壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力，則必然導致機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)效率(lv)(lv)降低(di)，燃油消(xiao)耗率(lv)(lv)升(sheng)高。因此(ci)，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力值的選(xuan)取(qu)應在(zai)功率(lv)(lv)和(he)燃油消(xiao)耗率(lv)(lv)兩者之間尋求(qiu)最佳(jia)的妥協方(fang)案。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系統目前在(zai)歐洲車上用(yong)(yong)得(de)較普遍。由(you)于機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)在(zai)曲軸的帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)下持續地運轉，因此(ci)不動(dong)(dong)產(chan)生像(xiang)渦(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的渦(wo)輪(lun)遲滯現象。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)雖然只能提升(sheng)約(yue)10%20%的動(dong)(dong)力輸出，但平(ping)順連續性是(shi)渦(wo)輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)所(suo)(suo)不及的。

廢氣渦輪增壓

利(li)(li)用發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)能量(liang)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)，稱(cheng)為(wei)廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)（簡稱(cheng)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)），如(ru)圖所示是廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)系統。廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)是在渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)之間沒有機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)連接。它們(men)之間靠氣(qi)(qi)(qi)路相(xiang)(xiang)通(tong)。因為(wei)壓(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)消耗(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)是渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)從(cong)廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)中回收的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)部分能量(liang)，所以渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)僅可(ke)(ke)以增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)，而且可(ke)(ke)以提(ti)(ti)高其熱效率(lv)，降低燃油(you)消耗(hao)率(lv)。如(ru)果在轎車尾(wei)部看到(dao)Turbo或(huo)者T的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)識，即表(biao)明該(gai)車采用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)實際上(shang)是臺空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，它是利(li)(li)用發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)排(pai)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)慣性推動(dong)(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)，渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)又(you)帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)同(tong)軸(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葉輪(lun)(lun)(lun)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)由空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)濾(lv)清器(qi)管道送來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，使空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)后進入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸。當發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉速(su)(su)提(ti)(ti)高，廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)排(pai)出速(su)(su)度與(yu)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)轉速(su)(su)也同(tong)步(bu)提(ti)(ti)高，葉輪(lun)(lun)(lun)就壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)進入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸，空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)力和(he)(he)密度增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)大可(ke)(ke)以燃燒更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燃油(you)，相(xiang)(xiang)應增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加油(you)量(liang)和(he)(he)調整(zheng)一(yi)(yi)下發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉速(su)(su)，就可(ke)(ke)以增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出功(gong)(gong)率(lv)。