汽(qi)車(che)要(yao)跑得快,就必(bi)須要(yao)有強勁的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力。目(mu)前汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)可(ke)粗分為自(zi)然(ran)進(jin)氣系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)及(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)進(jin)氣系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)兩大類。在歐(ou)洲跑車(che)中,除了(le)寶馬(ma)汽(qi)車(che)公(gong)司依然(ran)堅持使用(yong)自(zi)然(ran)進(jin)氣發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機外,其他(ta)各汽(qi)車(che)公(gong)司為了(le)提(ti)升車(che)輛的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力性能,紛紛采用(yong)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong),例如:奔馳(chi)跑車(che)使用(yong)機械增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong),紳(shen)寶汽(qi)車(che)則為渦輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)開山(shan)鼻祖(zu)。近年日系(xi)(xi)汽(qi)車(che)也(ye)開始(shi)大量(liang)采用(yong)渦輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)技(ji)術。自(zi)然(ran)進(jin)氣系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)沒有安裝任何(he)形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)器,只是(shi)利用(yong)活塞下(xia)行(xing)所(suo)產生的(de)(de)(de)負壓(ya)來吸進(jin)混合氣。雖然(ran)自(zi)然(ran)進(jin)氣系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)通(tong)過可(ke)變氣門正時系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)能夠得到(dao)較大的(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)力輸出(chu),但(dan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)升很(hen)有限。為了(le)有效(xiao)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)功率,采用(yong)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)可(ke)說是(shi)最有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)方式。
最常見的發動機增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)系統(tong)有機械增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)與廢(fei)氣渦輪(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)兩種(zhong)。
機械增壓
發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)方式(shi)(shi)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器進行(xing)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),稱(cheng)為(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。當發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時,通常由(you)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)曲軸通過齒(chi)輪驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器。增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器一(yi)般采(cai)用(yong)離心式(shi)(shi)或羅(luo)茨壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),個(ge)別的(de)(de)(de)采(cai)用(yong)螺桿式(shi)(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。近年來,在國(guo)外也開始采(cai)用(yong)新(xin)型的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)渦(wo)旋式(shi)(shi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器。因為(wei)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)消(xiao)耗了(le)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)功率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv),所以(yi)(yi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)效率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)不一(yi)定得到改善,有(you)時反而比(bi)非增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)內燃(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)還(huan)低(di)些(xie)。選擇增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)時,首先要(yao)保證能(neng)達到所要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)平均有(you)效壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li),其次要(yao)獲得盡可能(neng)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)油消(xiao)耗率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。擔(dan)這兩個(ge)要(yao)求(qiu)對于機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)來說常常是(shi)相互矛(mao)盾的(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)果追(zhui)求(qiu)平均有(you)效壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li),則必然導致機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)效率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)降低(di),燃(ran)油消(xiao)耗率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)升高。因此(ci),增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)選取應在功率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)和燃(ran)油消(xiao)耗率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)兩者之間尋求(qiu)最佳的(de)(de)(de)妥協方案。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系(xi)統(tong)目前在歐(ou)洲車上(shang)用(yong)得較普遍(bian)。由(you)于機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)在曲軸的(de)(de)(de)帶動(dong)(dong)下持(chi)續地運轉,因此(ci)不動(dong)(dong)產生像渦(wo)輪增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)渦(wo)輪遲滯現(xian)象。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)雖(sui)然只能(neng)提升約10%20%的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)輸(shu)出(chu),但平順連續性是(shi)渦(wo)輪增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)所不及的(de)(de)(de)。
廢氣渦輪增(zeng)壓
利(li)用發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)廢(fei)氣(qi)能量(liang)(liang)驅動(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi),稱為廢(fei)氣(qi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(簡稱渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)),如(ru)圖所(suo)示是(shi)(shi)廢(fei)氣(qi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系(xi)統(tong)。廢(fei)氣(qi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點是(shi)(shi)在(zai)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)和發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)之(zhi)間(jian)沒有機(ji)械連(lian)接。它們之(zhi)間(jian)靠氣(qi)路相通。因為壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)消耗(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功是(shi)(shi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)從廢(fei)氣(qi)中回收的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)部分能量(liang)(liang),所(suo)以(yi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)不僅可以(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)(lv)(lv),而且(qie)可以(yi)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)其(qi)熱效率(lv)(lv)(lv),降(jiang)低(di)燃(ran)油(you)消耗(hao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)。如(ru)果在(zai)轎車(che)尾部看(kan)到Turbo或者T的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標識,即表(biao)明該車(che)采用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)是(shi)(shi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)實際上是(shi)(shi)臺空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)機(ji),它是(shi)(shi)利(li)用發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)排出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)氣(qi)慣(guan)性(xing)推動(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun),渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)又帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)同軸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葉輪(lun)(lun)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)由(you)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)濾清器(qi)管道送(song)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi),使空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)后(hou)進(jin)入(ru)氣(qi)缸(gang)。當發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao),廢(fei)氣(qi)排出(chu)速(su)(su)度(du)與渦(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)也同步提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao),葉輪(lun)(lun)就(jiu)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)進(jin)入(ru)氣(qi)缸(gang),空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力和密度(du)增(zeng)(zeng)大可以(yi)燃(ran)燒更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)油(you),相應增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)油(you)量(liang)(liang)和調(diao)整一(yi)下發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su),就(jiu)可以(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)功率(lv)(lv)(lv)。