汽(qi)車(che)要跑(pao)得(de)快,就必須要有(you)(you)強(qiang)勁的動力(li)(li)。目(mu)前汽(qi)車(che)的動力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)可粗(cu)分為(wei)(wei)自(zi)然(ran)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)及增壓(ya)(ya)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)兩大(da)(da)類(lei)。在(zai)歐洲跑(pao)車(che)中,除了寶馬(ma)汽(qi)車(che)公(gong)司依然(ran)堅(jian)持使(shi)用(yong)(yong)自(zi)然(ran)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)發動機(ji)外,其他(ta)各汽(qi)車(che)公(gong)司為(wei)(wei)了提升(sheng)(sheng)車(che)輛的動力(li)(li)性能(neng),紛紛采用(yong)(yong)增壓(ya)(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong),例如:奔馳跑(pao)車(che)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)機(ji)械增壓(ya)(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong),紳寶汽(qi)車(che)則為(wei)(wei)渦(wo)輪(lun)增壓(ya)(ya)的開(kai)(kai)山鼻祖。近(jin)年日(ri)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)汽(qi)車(che)也開(kai)(kai)始大(da)(da)量采用(yong)(yong)渦(wo)輪(lun)增壓(ya)(ya)技術(shu)。自(zi)然(ran)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)沒有(you)(you)安裝任何形式的增壓(ya)(ya)器(qi),只是利用(yong)(yong)活(huo)塞下行所產生的負壓(ya)(ya)來吸進(jin)(jin)混合(he)氣(qi)。雖然(ran)自(zi)然(ran)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)通過可變(bian)氣(qi)門(men)正(zheng)時系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)能(neng)夠得(de)到較大(da)(da)的馬(ma)力(li)(li)輸出(chu),但動力(li)(li)的提升(sheng)(sheng)很(hen)有(you)(you)限。為(wei)(wei)了有(you)(you)效增加發動機(ji)的輸出(chu)功率(lv),采用(yong)(yong)增壓(ya)(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)可說是最有(you)(you)效的方式。
最(zui)常見的發動機增壓系(xi)統有(you)機械增壓與廢氣渦輪(lun)增壓兩種。
機械增壓(ya)
發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)以機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)方(fang)式(shi)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)進行增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya),稱(cheng)為機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)。當發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采用機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)時,通(tong)(tong)常(chang)由發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)曲(qu)軸通(tong)(tong)過(guo)齒輪(lun)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)。增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)一般采用離心式(shi)或(huo)羅茨壓(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),個(ge)別的(de)(de)(de)采用螺桿式(shi)壓(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。近年來,在國外也開始采用新型的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)渦旋式(shi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)。因(yin)為驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)壓(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)了發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一定的(de)(de)(de)輸出功(gong)率(lv),所(suo)以機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)熱效(xiao)率(lv)不一定得到改善,有時反而比(bi)非增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)內燃機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)還低些。選(xuan)擇增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)力時,首先要(yao)(yao)保證(zheng)能(neng)達到所(suo)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)均有效(xiao)壓(ya)(ya)力,其次要(yao)(yao)獲得盡(jin)可能(neng)低的(de)(de)(de)燃油(you)(you)消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)率(lv)。擔這兩個(ge)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)對于機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)來說常(chang)常(chang)是(shi)相(xiang)互矛盾的(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)果追求(qiu)平(ping)均有效(xiao)壓(ya)(ya)力,則必然導致機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)效(xiao)率(lv)降低,燃油(you)(you)消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)率(lv)升高。因(yin)此,增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)力值的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)取應在功(gong)率(lv)和燃油(you)(you)消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)率(lv)兩者(zhe)之間尋求(qiu)最佳的(de)(de)(de)妥協方(fang)案(an)。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)系統目前(qian)在歐洲(zhou)車上用得較普遍。由于機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)在曲(qu)軸的(de)(de)(de)帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)(dong)下持續地運轉,因(yin)此不動(dong)(dong)(dong)產生像渦輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)渦輪(lun)遲滯現象(xiang)。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)雖(sui)然只能(neng)提(ti)升約10%20%的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力輸出,但平(ping)順(shun)連續性是(shi)渦輪(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)所(suo)不及的(de)(de)(de)。
廢氣渦(wo)輪增壓
利(li)(li)用(yong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)能量(liang)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi),稱(cheng)為(wei)廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(簡稱(cheng)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)),如圖所示(shi)是(shi)廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)系統(tong)。廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)特點是(shi)在渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)和(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)之間沒有機(ji)械連接。它(ta)們之間靠(kao)氣(qi)(qi)路相通。因為(wei)壓(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)機(ji)消(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)的(de)功是(shi)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)從廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)中回收(shou)的(de)一部分能量(liang),所以(yi)(yi)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)不(bu)僅可以(yi)(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)功率,而(er)且(qie)可以(yi)(yi)提(ti)高(gao)其熱效(xiao)率,降低燃(ran)油消(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)率。如果在轎車(che)尾(wei)部看到Turbo或(huo)者(zhe)T的(de)標識,即表明該車(che)采用(yong)的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)是(shi)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)。渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)實際上是(shi)臺空氣(qi)(qi)壓(ya)(ya)縮機(ji),它(ta)是(shi)利(li)(li)用(yong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)排出的(de)廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)慣性(xing)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun),渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)又帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)同軸(zhou)的(de)葉輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)壓(ya)(ya)縮由空氣(qi)(qi)濾清器(qi)管(guan)道(dao)送來的(de)空氣(qi)(qi),使空氣(qi)(qi)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)后(hou)進入(ru)(ru)氣(qi)(qi)缸。當發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)轉速(su)提(ti)高(gao),廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)排出速(su)度與渦(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)轉速(su)也同步提(ti)高(gao),葉輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)就(jiu)壓(ya)(ya)縮更多(duo)的(de)空氣(qi)(qi)進入(ru)(ru)氣(qi)(qi)缸,空氣(qi)(qi)的(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)和(he)密度增(zeng)(zeng)大可以(yi)(yi)燃(ran)燒(shao)更多(duo)的(de)燃(ran)油,相應(ying)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)油量(liang)和(he)調(diao)整一下發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)轉速(su),就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)輸出功率。