汽(qi)車(che)(che)要(yao)跑(pao)得快，就必須要(yao)有強勁的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)。目前(qian)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可(ke)粗分(fen)為自(zi)然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)及增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)兩(liang)大(da)類。在(zai)歐洲跑(pao)車(che)(che)中(zhong)，除了(le)寶馬汽(qi)車(che)(che)公(gong)司依然(ran)(ran)堅持(chi)使用(yong)(yong)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)發動(dong)機(ji)外，其他(ta)各汽(qi)車(che)(che)公(gong)司為了(le)提升車(che)(che)輛(liang)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)性能(neng)，紛紛采(cai)用(yong)(yong)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，例如：奔(ben)馳跑(pao)車(che)(che)使用(yong)(yong)機(ji)械增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，紳寶汽(qi)車(che)(che)則為渦輪(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)開山鼻(bi)祖。近年日系(xi)汽(qi)車(che)(che)也開始大(da)量采(cai)用(yong)(yong)渦輪(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)技術。自(zi)然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)沒有安裝任何形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器，只(zhi)是利用(yong)(yong)活塞下行所產生的(de)(de)(de)負壓(ya)(ya)來吸(xi)進(jin)混合(he)氣(qi)(qi)。雖然(ran)(ran)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)過可(ke)變氣(qi)(qi)門正時(shi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)能(neng)夠得到較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)馬力(li)輸出，但動(dong)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)提升很有限(xian)。為了(le)有效增(zeng)加發動(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)輸出功率，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可(ke)說是最有效的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)。

最(zui)常見的(de)發動(dong)機(ji)增壓(ya)(ya)系統有(you)機(ji)械增壓(ya)(ya)與廢氣渦輪增壓(ya)(ya)兩(liang)種(zhong)。

機械增壓(ya)

發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)以機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)進行(xing)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，稱為(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。當發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi)，通常(chang)由(you)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)曲軸通過齒輪(lun)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)一般采(cai)用(yong)離心式(shi)(shi)或羅(luo)茨壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，個(ge)別的(de)(de)(de)采(cai)用(yong)螺桿式(shi)(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。近年來(lai)，在國(guo)外(wai)也開始采(cai)用(yong)新型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)渦旋式(shi)(shi)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。因為(wei)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)消(xiao)耗(hao)了發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)輸出功(gong)率(lv)，所(suo)以機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)熱效(xiao)率(lv)不一定(ding)得(de)到改(gai)善，有(you)(you)時(shi)反而比非增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)內燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)還低些。選擇增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)時(shi)，首先要(yao)保證(zheng)能達(da)到所(suo)要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)有(you)(you)效(xiao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)，其(qi)次要(yao)獲得(de)盡可(ke)能低的(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)油(you)消(xiao)耗(hao)率(lv)。擔這兩(liang)個(ge)要(yao)求對于(yu)(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)來(lai)說常(chang)常(chang)是相(xiang)互矛盾(dun)的(de)(de)(de)。如果追求平(ping)(ping)均(jun)有(you)(you)效(xiao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)，則必然導致機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)效(xiao)率(lv)降低，燃(ran)(ran)油(you)消(xiao)耗(hao)率(lv)升(sheng)高。因此，增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)值的(de)(de)(de)選取應在功(gong)率(lv)和燃(ran)(ran)油(you)消(xiao)耗(hao)率(lv)兩(liang)者之間(jian)尋求最佳的(de)(de)(de)妥(tuo)協方(fang)案。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系(xi)統目(mu)前在歐洲車上用(yong)得(de)較普遍(bian)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是在曲軸的(de)(de)(de)帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)下持續地運轉，因此不動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)產生像(xiang)渦輪(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)渦輪(lun)遲滯現象。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)雖然只(zhi)能提升(sheng)約10%20%的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)輸出，但(dan)平(ping)(ping)順連續性(xing)是渦輪(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)所(suo)不及的(de)(de)(de)。

廢氣渦(wo)輪增壓(ya)

利用發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廢氣(qi)(qi)能量(liang)驅動(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓器，稱為廢氣(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓（簡稱渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓），如圖所(suo)示是廢氣(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓系(xi)統。廢氣(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)是在渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓器和發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)間(jian)沒有機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)連接。它(ta)們(men)之(zhi)間(jian)靠氣(qi)(qi)路相(xiang)通。因(yin)為壓氣(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)消耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功是渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)從廢氣(qi)(qi)中回收的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一部分能量(liang)，所(suo)以(yi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)不僅可(ke)以(yi)增(zeng)加發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)(lv)，而且可(ke)以(yi)提(ti)高其(qi)熱效率(lv)(lv)，降低燃油(you)消耗率(lv)(lv)。如果在轎(jiao)車尾部看(kan)到(dao)Turbo或者T的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標識，即表明該車采(cai)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓器實際上(shang)是臺空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)壓縮機(ji)(ji)(ji)，它(ta)是利用發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)排出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廢氣(qi)(qi)慣性推動(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)，渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)又帶動(dong)(dong)同軸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葉輪(lun)(lun)壓縮由(you)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)濾清器管道(dao)送來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)，使空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)增(zeng)壓后進入氣(qi)(qi)缸。當發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)速提(ti)高，廢氣(qi)(qi)排出速度(du)與渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)轉(zhuan)速也同步提(ti)高，葉輪(lun)(lun)就(jiu)壓縮更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)進入氣(qi)(qi)缸，空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓力(li)和密度(du)增(zeng)大可(ke)以(yi)燃燒更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燃油(you)，相(xiang)應增(zeng)加油(you)量(liang)和調整(zheng)一下發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速，就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)增(zeng)加發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出功率(lv)(lv)。