汽(qi)車要跑得(de)快,就必須要有(you)強(qiang)勁(jing)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)。目前汽(qi)車的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)可(ke)粗分(fen)為(wei)(wei)自(zi)然進(jin)氣系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)及增(zeng)壓(ya)進(jin)氣系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)兩大(da)(da)類。在歐洲跑車中,除了(le)寶馬汽(qi)車公司(si)依然堅持使用自(zi)然進(jin)氣發動(dong)機外,其他各汽(qi)車公司(si)為(wei)(wei)了(le)提升車輛(liang)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)性能,紛紛采用增(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong),例如:奔馳跑車使用機械增(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong),紳寶汽(qi)車則為(wei)(wei)渦輪增(zeng)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)開山鼻祖。近年(nian)日系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)汽(qi)車也開始大(da)(da)量采用渦輪增(zeng)壓(ya)技術(shu)。自(zi)然進(jin)氣系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)沒(mei)有(you)安(an)裝任何形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)壓(ya)器,只(zhi)是利用活塞(sai)下行所(suo)產生的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)壓(ya)來吸進(jin)混合氣。雖然自(zi)然進(jin)氣系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)通過可(ke)變氣門正(zheng)時系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)能夠得(de)到較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)馬力(li)輸出,但動(dong)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)提升很有(you)限。為(wei)(wei)了(le)有(you)效(xiao)增(zeng)加發動(dong)機的(de)(de)(de)輸出功率,采用增(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)可(ke)說(shuo)是最有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)。
最常見的發動機增壓系統(tong)有(you)機械增壓與廢氣渦輪增壓兩種(zhong)。
機械增壓
發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)以機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)方式(shi)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器進行增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya),稱(cheng)為(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)。當發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)時,通常(chang)(chang)由發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)曲軸通過齒輪驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器。增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器一般采(cai)用(yong)(yong)離心式(shi)或羅茨壓(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),個別的采(cai)用(yong)(yong)螺桿式(shi)壓(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。近(jin)年(nian)來(lai),在國外也開始采(cai)用(yong)(yong)新(xin)型(xing)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)渦(wo)旋(xuan)式(shi)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器。因(yin)為(wei)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)壓(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)消(xiao)耗了發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一定的輸(shu)出(chu)功率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv),所以機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的熱效率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)不(bu)一定得(de)(de)到(dao)改善,有時反而(er)比(bi)非增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)內燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)還低(di)些。選擇增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)時,首先要(yao)(yao)保證能(neng)達到(dao)所要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)的平均有效壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li),其次(ci)要(yao)(yao)獲得(de)(de)盡(jin)可能(neng)低(di)的燃(ran)(ran)油(you)消(xiao)耗率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。擔這兩(liang)個要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)對于機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)來(lai)說常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)互矛盾的。如果追求(qiu)平均有效壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li),則必然導致機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)效率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)降低(di),燃(ran)(ran)油(you)消(xiao)耗率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)升高(gao)。因(yin)此,增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)值的選取應在功率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)和(he)燃(ran)(ran)油(you)消(xiao)耗率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)兩(liang)者之間尋求(qiu)最佳的妥協方案。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)系統目前在歐洲車上用(yong)(yong)得(de)(de)較普遍。由于機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)的增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在曲軸的帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)下持續(xu)(xu)地運轉,因(yin)此不(bu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)產(chan)生像渦(wo)輪增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)的渦(wo)輪遲滯現象。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)雖然只能(neng)提升約10%20%的動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)輸(shu)出(chu),但平順連續(xu)(xu)性是(shi)(shi)(shi)渦(wo)輪增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)所不(bu)及的。
廢氣渦輪增壓(ya)
利用發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)能量(liang)驅動(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)器,稱為廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(簡稱渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)),如圖所(suo)示(shi)是(shi)廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)系統(tong)。廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)是(shi)在(zai)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)器和(he)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)間(jian)沒有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械連接。它們之(zhi)間(jian)靠氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)路相通。因為壓(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)消(xiao)耗(hao)的(de)(de)(de)功是(shi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)從廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中回(hui)收的(de)(de)(de)一部(bu)(bu)分能量(liang),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)不僅可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)功率,而且可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)提高(gao)其熱效率,降低燃油(you)消(xiao)耗(hao)率。如果(guo)在(zai)轎車尾部(bu)(bu)看到Turbo或者(zhe)T的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)識,即(ji)表明該車采用的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)。渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)器實際上是(shi)臺空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)縮機(ji)(ji)(ji),它是(shi)利用發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)排出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)慣性推動(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun),渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)又帶動(dong)(dong)同軸(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)輪(lun)(lun)壓(ya)縮由空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清(qing)器管道送來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),使空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)后進(jin)入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸。當(dang)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)速(su)提高(gao),廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)排出(chu)速(su)度(du)與渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)轉(zhuan)速(su)也同步(bu)提高(gao),葉(xie)輪(lun)(lun)就壓(ya)縮更多的(de)(de)(de)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸,空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力和(he)密度(du)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)大可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)燃燒更多的(de)(de)(de)燃油(you),相應增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)油(you)量(liang)和(he)調整一下發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su),就可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)功率。