汽車(che)要(yao)跑(pao)(pao)得快，就必須要(yao)有(you)(you)強勁的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力。目前汽車(che)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)可粗分為(wei)自(zi)然(ran)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)及增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)兩大(da)類。在歐洲跑(pao)(pao)車(che)中，除了寶馬(ma)汽車(che)公司(si)依然(ran)堅持(chi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)自(zi)然(ran)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)外，其他各汽車(che)公司(si)為(wei)了提升(sheng)車(che)輛的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力性能，紛(fen)紛(fen)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，例(li)如：奔(ben)馳跑(pao)(pao)車(che)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)機(ji)械增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，紳寶汽車(che)則為(wei)渦輪增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)開山鼻祖(zu)。近年日系(xi)(xi)汽車(che)也開始大(da)量(liang)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)渦輪增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)技術。自(zi)然(ran)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)沒有(you)(you)安裝任何(he)形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器，只是(shi)利用(yong)(yong)活塞下行所產生的(de)(de)(de)負壓(ya)(ya)(ya)來吸進(jin)(jin)混合氣(qi)(qi)。雖然(ran)自(zi)然(ran)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)通過可變氣(qi)(qi)門正時(shi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)能夠得到較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)力輸出，但動(dong)(dong)力的(de)(de)(de)提升(sheng)很有(you)(you)限。為(wei)了有(you)(you)效增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)輸出功率，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)可說是(shi)最有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)。

最常見(jian)的發動機(ji)(ji)增壓(ya)系(xi)統有機(ji)(ji)械(xie)增壓(ya)與廢氣渦輪增壓(ya)兩種(zhong)。

機械(xie)增壓(ya)

發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)以機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)方(fang)式(shi)驅動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)進行增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，稱為機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。當發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi)，通(tong)常(chang)由(you)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)曲軸通(tong)過齒輪驅動(dong)(dong)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)一般(ban)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)離心(xin)式(shi)或羅茨壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，個(ge)別的(de)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)螺(luo)桿式(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。近年來，在國外(wai)也開始(shi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)新型(xing)的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)渦(wo)旋式(shi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。因為驅動(dong)(dong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)消耗(hao)了發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一定的(de)輸(shu)出功(gong)率(lv)，所(suo)以機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)熱效率(lv)不一定得(de)到改善，有(you)時(shi)反而比非增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)內燃(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)還低(di)些。選(xuan)擇(ze)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)時(shi)，首先要(yao)保證能達到所(suo)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)平均(jun)有(you)效壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)，其次要(yao)獲得(de)盡(jin)可(ke)能低(di)的(de)燃(ran)油(you)消耗(hao)率(lv)。擔這(zhe)兩個(ge)要(yao)求(qiu)對于(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)來說常(chang)常(chang)是(shi)相互矛盾的(de)。如果(guo)追求(qiu)平均(jun)有(you)效壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)，則必(bi)然導致機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)效率(lv)降低(di)，燃(ran)油(you)消耗(hao)率(lv)升高。因此，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)值的(de)選(xuan)取應在功(gong)率(lv)和(he)燃(ran)油(you)消耗(hao)率(lv)兩者之(zhi)間尋求(qiu)最佳的(de)妥協方(fang)案。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系統目前(qian)在歐洲車上用(yong)(yong)得(de)較普遍。由(you)于(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)在曲軸的(de)帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)下持續(xu)地運轉，因此不動(dong)(dong)產生像渦(wo)輪增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)渦(wo)輪遲滯現象。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)雖然只能提升約10%20%的(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)輸(shu)出，但平順連(lian)續(xu)性是(shi)渦(wo)輪增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)所(suo)不及的(de)。

廢氣渦輪增壓

利用發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)能量驅動(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器，稱為(wei)廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)（簡稱渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)），如圖所示是(shi)廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)系統。廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)的特點(dian)是(shi)在渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器和發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)之間沒有機(ji)械連接。它們之間靠氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)路(lu)相通。因為(wei)壓(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)消耗的功是(shi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)從廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中回(hui)收的一部分(fen)能量，所以(yi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)不(bu)僅可(ke)以(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的功率，而(er)且可(ke)以(yi)提高其熱效率，降(jiang)低燃油消耗率。如果在轎車尾(wei)部看到Turbo或者T的標識，即表明該車采用的發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)是(shi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)的。渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器實際上是(shi)臺空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)機(ji)，它是(shi)利用發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)排(pai)出(chu)的廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)慣性推動(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)，渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)又帶動(dong)(dong)同軸的葉(xie)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)由空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清器管道送來的空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，使(shi)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)后進入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸。當(dang)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)提高，廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)排(pai)出(chu)速(su)度與渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)也同步提高，葉(xie)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)就(jiu)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)更(geng)多(duo)的空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸，空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的壓(ya)(ya)力和密(mi)度增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)大可(ke)以(yi)燃燒(shao)更(geng)多(duo)的燃油，相應(ying)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)油量和調整(zheng)一下(xia)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的輸出(chu)功率。