汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)要(yao)跑(pao)得快，就必須要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)強勁的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力。目(mu)前汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)可(ke)粗分為自然進(jin)(jin)(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)及增(zeng)(zeng)壓進(jin)(jin)(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)兩大類。在歐洲跑(pao)車(che)(che)(che)中，除了(le)寶馬汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)公司依(yi)然堅持使用自然進(jin)(jin)(jin)氣(qi)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)外，其(qi)他各汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)公司為了(le)提升車(che)(che)(che)輛的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力性能，紛(fen)紛(fen)采(cai)用增(zeng)(zeng)壓系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，例如：奔馳跑(pao)車(che)(che)(che)使用機(ji)械增(zeng)(zeng)壓系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，紳寶汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)則為渦(wo)(wo)輪增(zeng)(zeng)壓的(de)(de)(de)開山鼻祖。近年日系(xi)(xi)(xi)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)也開始大量采(cai)用渦(wo)(wo)輪增(zeng)(zeng)壓技(ji)術。自然進(jin)(jin)(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)沒有(you)(you)(you)安(an)裝(zhuang)任(ren)何形式的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)壓器，只是利用活(huo)塞下行所(suo)產生的(de)(de)(de)負壓來吸進(jin)(jin)(jin)混合(he)氣(qi)。雖然自然進(jin)(jin)(jin)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)通過(guo)可(ke)變氣(qi)門正時系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)能夠得到較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)馬力輸出，但動(dong)(dong)力的(de)(de)(de)提升很有(you)(you)(you)限。為了(le)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)輸出功率(lv)，采(cai)用增(zeng)(zeng)壓系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)可(ke)說是最有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)方式。

最常見的發(fa)動機增(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)統有機械增(zeng)壓(ya)與廢(fei)氣渦(wo)輪增(zeng)壓(ya)兩種。

機械(xie)增壓

發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)以機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)方式驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)進行增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，稱為機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。當發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi)，通(tong)常由(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)曲(qu)軸(zhou)(zhou)通(tong)過(guo)齒輪驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)。增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)一(yi)般(ban)采用(yong)離(li)心式或羅茨壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，個別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)采用(yong)螺桿(gan)式壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。近年來(lai)(lai)，在國外也開始采用(yong)新型的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)渦旋式增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)。因為驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)了發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出功率(lv)，所(suo)以機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱效率(lv)不(bu)(bu)一(yi)定(ding)得(de)(de)到改善(shan)，有時(shi)反而比(bi)非增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)內(nei)燃機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)還低些(xie)。選(xuan)擇增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)時(shi)，首先要保證(zheng)能(neng)達到所(suo)要求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)均(jun)有效壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)，其次要獲(huo)得(de)(de)盡可能(neng)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃油(you)消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)率(lv)。擔(dan)這兩個要求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)對于機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)來(lai)(lai)說常常是(shi)相互矛(mao)盾的(de)(de)(de)(de)。如果追求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)平(ping)均(jun)有效壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)，則(ze)必然(ran)導致(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)效率(lv)降低，燃油(you)消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)率(lv)升高。因此(ci)，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)值的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)取(qu)應在功率(lv)和燃油(you)消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)率(lv)兩者之(zhi)間(jian)尋求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)最佳(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)妥協方案。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系統目(mu)前在歐洲(zhou)車上(shang)用(yong)得(de)(de)較普遍(bian)。由(you)(you)于機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)在曲(qu)軸(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)下(xia)持(chi)續地運轉，因此(ci)不(bu)(bu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)產生像(xiang)渦輪增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)渦輪遲滯現象。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)雖然(ran)只能(neng)提升約(yue)10%20%的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)輸出，但平(ping)順連(lian)續性是(shi)渦輪增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)及(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

廢氣渦(wo)輪增壓

利(li)用(yong)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)能(neng)量驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)，稱為(wei)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)（簡稱渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)），如圖(tu)所(suo)(suo)示是廢(fei)(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系統(tong)。廢(fei)(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點是在渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)和發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)之(zhi)間沒有機(ji)(ji)械連接。它(ta)們之(zhi)間靠氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)路(lu)相通。因(yin)為(wei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)消耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功是渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)從廢(fei)(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中回收的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一部分(fen)能(neng)量，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)不僅可(ke)以(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)，而且可(ke)以(yi)提(ti)高(gao)其熱效率(lv)，降低燃(ran)(ran)(ran)油(you)消耗率(lv)。如果在轎(jiao)車尾(wei)部看(kan)到Turbo或者T的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標識，即表明該車采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)是渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)實際上是臺(tai)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)機(ji)(ji)，它(ta)是利(li)用(yong)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)排出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)慣性推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)，渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)又帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)同(tong)軸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葉輪(lun)(lun)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)由空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)濾(lv)清(qing)器(qi)管道送來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，使空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)后進入(ru)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)。當發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)轉速提(ti)高(gao)，廢(fei)(fei)(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)排出速度與渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)轉速也同(tong)步提(ti)高(gao)，葉輪(lun)(lun)就(jiu)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進入(ru)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)，空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力和密度增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)大可(ke)以(yi)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)燒更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)油(you)，相應增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加油(you)量和調整一下發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉速，就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出功率(lv)。